ALEXANDER CHAYANOV The Theory of Peasant Economy: 10 ALEXANDER CHAYANOV The Theory of Peasant Economy

Die Sozialagronomie, ihre Grundgedanken und Arbeitsmethoden (Social agronomy, its basic ideas and work methods) [cf. 1918, above]. Autorisierte Ubersetzung aus dem Russischen von Fr. Schlömer. Berlin: P. Parey. In 4°, VIII, 96 pp., incl. diag., tab.

Geneva ILO

NYPL VPE p.v. 290 no. 7

[This study of social agronomy was translated into Japanese by Sugino Tadao and Isobe Hidetoshi and published in Tokyo in 1930 under the title, Shonö shidö no genri.]

1925

Organizatsiya krest'yanskogo khozyaistva (Peasant Farm Organization). Iz robot Nauchno-IssledovateVskogo Instituta s.-kh. ekonomii, Moskva Tsentral'noe tovarichestvo kooperativnogo izd. In 8°, III+213 pp.

896 234

LL also W;

115 ™~ 1146 HL HD 1992 G434

[In 1957, Professor Isobe Hidetoshi, while republishing an enlarged version of his Shonö keizai no genri (his translation of Die Lehre von der bäuerlichen Wirtschaft [cf. 1923, above]), also provided a translation direct from the Russian into Japanese of this study of Peasant Farm Organization, Tokyo, Taimedo.]

Sei' sko-khozyaistvennaya taksatsiya: osnovnye idei i me tody tsennostnykh vychislenii v sel'skom khozyaistve (Agricultural assessments: basic ideas and methods of agricultural calculation in value terms). Iz rabot Kabi-neta sel'sko-khozyaistvennoi taksatsii i schetovodstva Nauchno-Issledo-vatel'skogo Instituta sel'sko-khozyaistvennoi ekonomii, Moskva, "No-vaya derevnya." In 8°, 186 pp.

BN 8° R.58451 242

LL wfii

HL HD 1294 C434

Kak organizovat' krest'yanskoe khozyaistvo v nechernozemnoi polose (How to organize the peasant farm in the non-Black Earth zone). Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe izd. In 16°, 45+1 pp.

HL HD715.C436

LL V-^ ^ V1249

Metody kolichestvennogo ucheta effekta zemleustroistva (Methods of recording the quantitative effect of land use measures). Moskva. In 8°, 150

Bibliography of A. V. Chayanov 289

pp. (Trudy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta sel'skokhozyaistvennoi ekonomii, vypusk 17).

LC S.563 M6

Union Catalog 51.54714 rev. BM 8287 4

LL XXIV^y

"K voprosu ob organizatsii mel'kogo sel'skogo kredita" ("On the organization of petty rural credit"), Ekonomicheskoe obozrenie (Moskva), Vol. Ill, No. 1, pp. 64-78.

BDIC 4° P2273

"Zhelatel'nye formy finansirovaniya kooperativnykh zagotovok sel'sko-khozyaistvennogo syr'ya" ("Desirable forms of financing cooperative procurement of agricultural raw materials"), Ekonomicheskoe obozrenie (Moskva), Vol. Ill, No. 2, pp. 46-55.

BDIC 4° P2273

"Problema traktora v narodnom khozyaistve SSSR" (The problem of the tractor in the U.S.S.R.'s economy), Ekonomicheskoe obozrenie (Moskva), Vol. Ill, No. 5, pp. 41-55.

BDIC 4° P2273

1926

SeVskoe khozyaistvo SSSR (Agriculture in the U.S.S.R.). In Entsikl. slovaf Russk. bibliogr. inst-ta. Granata. t. XLI, chast' II, 7-e (pererab) izd. Moskva, pp. 1-42.

Die Landwirtschaft des Sowjetbundes: ihre geographische, wirtschaftliche und soziale Bedeutung (The agriculture of the Soviet Union; its geographical, economic and social significance). Berlin: P. Parey. In 4°, 40 pp., tab. (Forschungsinstitut für Agrar- und Siedlungswesen, Berlin. Der Weltmarkt für agrarische Erzeugnisse, Heft 1.)

NYPL VPW (Germany) Harvard Slav. 1710.100.110

LL V1™ ^ V235

HL HD 1992.C4363

Die volkswirtschaftliche Bedeutung des landwirtschaftlichen Genossen (Economic significance of agricultural cooperatives). Kiel.

devolution future de Veconomie rurale (Future evolution of the rural economy). Milan.

"Problema urozhaya i opyty ee razresheniya v razvitii russkoi nauchnoi mysli" ("Harvest problem and attempted solutions in the development of Russian scientific thought"), Problemy urozhaya (Harvest problems),

290 THE THEORY OF PEASANT ECONOMY

a collection of articles. Ed. A. V. Chayanov. Moskva. Ill + 338 pp., maps and graphs. (Trudy Nauchno-Issled. Instituta s.-kh. ekonomii).

LL Wflf

HL HD 1992 C435

Doklad prof. A. V. Chayanova v khlopkovoi sekstii osvok'a o vodnoi rente (Lecture on water rent delivered by Prof. Chayanov at the cotton department of OSVOK), Khlopk. delo (Moskva), No. 11-12 (Nov.-Dec), pp. 903-4.

Noveishie techeniya v oblasti ekonomicheskikh nauk na zapade (New trends in western economics). (Bibliografiya po s.-kh ekonomii po raa-terialam b-ki. Nauchno-Issled. Inst-ta s.kh. ekonomii), Puti seVskogo-khozyaistva (Moskva), No. 10 (October), pp. 167-72.

1927

Osnovnye idei i formy organizatsii seVsko-khozyaistvennoi kooperatsii (Basic idea and organizational forms in agricultural cooperation). Moskva. In 8°, VIII, 384 pp.

BDIC 02 616

242

Osnovnye linii razvitiya russkoi seVsko-khozyaistvennoi mysli za dva veka (Basic lines in the development of Russian agricultural thought over two centuries), n.p., n.d., 40 pp.

Harvard Slav. 3085.10

K voprosu o sebestoimosti khlopka-syrtsa v khozyaistvakh Srednei Azii (The problem of the cost of production of raw cotton on Central Asian farms). Moskva: Propizdat. In 4°, 29 + 3 pp., ill. diag. (Trudy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta sel'sko-khozyaistvennoi ekonomii, vypusk 32).

LC HD 9086 F3C4

Ekonomicheskie osnovy polevoi kuVtury korneplodov i trav (Economic basis for the field cultivation of root and grass crops). Moskva. 119 pp. (in collaboration with S. N. Tumanovskii), Trudy Nauchno-Issledova-tel'skogo Instituta s.-kh. ekonomii, vypusk 21.

LL XXIV^j

Metody taksatsionnykh izchislenii v seVskom-khozyaistve (Methods of tax evaluation in agriculture) (iz rabot Kabineta sel'khoz. Taksatsii i sche-tovodvstva). Moskva. 137 pp. (in collaboration with V. R. Kratinov). (Trudy Nauchno-Issledovaterskogo Instituta sel'sko-khozyaistvennoi ekonomii, vypusk 23).

Bibliography of A. V. Chayanov 291

1928

Optimal'nye razmery sel'sko-khozyaistvennykh predpriyatii (Optimal sizes of agricultural enterprises), Iz rabot Nauchno-issledovaterskogo insti-tuta s.kh. ekonomiki, 3-oe dop. izd. Moskva, Izd. "Novaya derevnya." 91 pp.

194

LL R397

"Vozmozhnoe budushchee sel'skogo-khozyaistva" ("Possible future of agriculture"), Zhizn' i tekhnika budushchego (Life and technology in the future) (SotsiaVnye i Nauchno-tekhnicheskie utopii) Pod red. Ark. A-na i E. Kolmana. Moskva: Moskovskii rabochii. In 8°, 503 pp., ill.

NYPL QI

Sebestoimost' sakharnoi svekly (Sugar beet costs). Moskva: Izdatel'stvo Pravleniya Sakharotresta. In 8°, 131 pp., ill. (Trudy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta sel'sko-khozyaistvennoi ekonomii, vypusk 43).

LC SB220.R9

LL XXIVj^

"Metody sostavleniya organizatsionnykh planov krupnykh sel'sko-khozyaistvennykh predpriyatii v usloviyakh sovetskoi ekonomii" ("Methods of drawing up organizational plans of large agricultural enterprises in Soviet economic conditions"), Byulleten' Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta sel'sko-khozyaistvennoi ekonomii (Moskva), No. 1-4, pp. 5-14.

"L'etat actuel de l'&ronomie et de la statistique agricoles en Russie," Revue dfeconomie politique (Paris), janvier-feerier, pp. 82-97.

"Agricultural Economics in Russia," Journal of Farm Economics, Vol. X (October, 1928), pp. 543-52.

1929

Byudzhetnye issledovaniya: istoriya i metody (Budget research: history and methods). Moskva: Novyi agronom. In 8°, 331 pp., diag. (In Trudy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta sel'sko-khozyaistvennoi ekonomii, vypusk 47).

Harvard XS 56.10 (47) LC S567.C4

LL XXIV -j? vyp. 47

"Segodnyashnii i zavtrashnii den' krupnogo zemledeliya" ("Large scale farming today and tomorrow"), Ekonomicheskoe obozrenie (Moskva), Vol. VII, No. 9, pp. 39-51.

BDIC 4° P2273

"Tekhnicheskaya organizatsiya zernovykh fabrik" ("The technical organi

292 THE THEORY OF PEASANT ECONOMY

zation of grain factories"), Ekonomicheskoe obozrenie (Moskva), Vol. VII, No. 12, pp. 95-101.

BDIC 4° P2273

"Sebestoimost' syr'evykh kul'tur" ("Costs of industrial crops"), Sebestoi-most' produktov sel'skogo khozyaistva, sbornik statei i materialov. Pod red. prof. N. P. Makarova. Moskva, pp. 118-42.

Ekonomika sel'skogo khozyaistva kak osnova postroeniya programm opytnykh uchrezhdenii (The economics of agriculture as a basis for the elaboration of the program of experimental stations). Moskva. 70 pp.

1930

Die optimalen Betriebsgrössen in der Landwirtschaft (Optimum farm sizes in agriculture). Mit einer Studie über die Messung des Nutzeffektes von Rationalizierungen der Betriebsfläche. Autorisierte Übertragung aus dem Russischen von Friedrich Schlömer. Berlin: P. Parey. In 8°, VII+98 pp., ill., diag.

LC HD 1992 C5

[This study of optimal farm sizes has been translated into Japanese by Hayashi Hideo and Sakamoto Heiichiro under the title, Nögyö keiei tekisei kiboron: sono riron to keisoku. Tokyo, 1957.]

"K voprosu o proektirovanii krupnykh sovkhozov" ("On the problem of projects for big state farms"), Sovkhoz (Moskva), No. 11 (November), pp. 4-8.

II. Other Works (History, Literature, Arts) 1912

Lelina knizhka (stikhi) (Lelya's book [verses]). Moskva: tipografiya "Pe-

chatnoe slovo," 31 pp. Istoriya Miusskoi ploshchadi (K istorii Universiteta imeni A.Ya. Sha-

nyavskogo) (A history of Miusskaya ploshchad' [about the Shanyavskii

University]). Moskva: Vestnik Shanyavtsev, 16 pp.

1917

Moskovskie sobraniya kartin sto let nazad (Moscow picture collections a century ago). Moskva: Gornaya tipografiya, 16 pp.

1918

(Under the pseudonym "Botanik X.")

Istoriya parikmakherskoi kukly Hi poslednyaya lyubov' moskovskogo arkhitektora, M. Romanich; povest', napisannaya Botanikom X i il-lyustrirovannaya antropologom A. (The history of the hairdresser's doll, or The last love of a Moscow architect.) Moskva. 105 pp.

Bibliography of A. V. Chayanov 293

1920

(Under the pseudonym "Ivan Kremnev.")

Puteshestvie moego brata Alekseya v stranu krest'yanskoi utopii (The journey of my brother, Alexei, to the land of peasant Utopia). Chast' 1, with preface by . . Orlovskii. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo. 63 pp.

NYPL QCC p.v. 622 BM 8287 bb. 77

Zodchii (The Architect), 2nd evening edition (11 p.m.) for Friday, 5 September, 1984 [sic], Moskva, 1 sheet.

1921

(Under the pseudonym "Botanik X.")

Venediktov Hi Dostopamyatnye sobytiya zhizni moei (Venediktov or Memorable events from my life). Moskva: Obraztsovaya tipografiya MSNKh, 64 pp., frontispiece, illustrations.

Obmanshchiki (The deceivers), tragediya v trekh aktakh i devyati stsenakh. Sergiev: tipografiya pri Otd.Nar. Obrazovaniya Serg. Soveta, 31 pp.

1923

Venetsianskoe zerkalo Hi dikovinnye pokhozhdeniya steklyannogo chelo-veka (The Venetian mirror or the wondrous adventures of a glass man). Berlin: "Gelikon." 46 pp.

1924

(Under the pseudonym "Moskovskii Botanik X.")

Neobychainye, no istinnye priklyucheniya grafa Fedora Mikhailovicha Buturlina (The unusual but true adventures of Count Fedor Mikhailo-vich Buturlin). Moskva: izd. avtora, 106 pp., illustrations.

1925

Petrovsko-Razumovskoe v ego proshlom i nastoyashchem; putevoditeV po Timiryazevskoi sel'sko-khozyaistvennoi akademii (The past and present of Petrovsko-Razumovskoe: a guide to the Timiryazev Academy of Agriculture). Moskva: "Novaya derevnya." In 12° 86 pp., ill.

NYPL Q p.v. 252

1926

Staraya zapadnaya gravyura: kratkoe rukovodstvo dlya muzeinoi raboty (Old western engravings: a brief guide for museum work). Moskva: Izd M. i S. Shabasnikovykh. 81 pp.

NYPL QG P.V. 129, No. 2

294 THE THEORY OF PEASANT ECONOMY

1928

(Under the pseudonym "Moskovskii Botanik X.")

Yuliya Hi vstrechi pod Novodevich'im (Julia, or meetings at Novodevi-chii), Romanticheskaya povest', napisannaya Moskovskim Botanikom X i illyustrirovannaya A. Kravchenko. Moskva. 56 pp., ill.

III. Studies Edited or Prefaced by Chayanov 1915

Paas, K. Kratkii obzor pushnogo dela v Rossii (Brief survey of the fur business in Russia). Materialy po voprosam pushnogo dela izdavaemye P. K. Klepikovym, pod redaktsiei A. V. Chayanova, predislovie A. V. Chayanova. Moskva. 141 pp.

1916

Materialy po voprosam razrabotki obshchego plana prodovoVstviya nase-leniya (Materials on how to work out a general plan of provisions for the population), vypusk 2. Normy prodovol'stviya sel'skogo naseleniya Rossii po dannym byudzhetnykh issledovanii. Sostavleno pod redaktsiei i rudovostvom A. V. Chayanova. Predislovie V. Gromana (Ekono-micheskii otdel Vserossiiskogo soyuza gorodov). Moskva: Gorodskaya tipografiya. In 4°, 88 pp.

BN 4° V 19964

1917

Klepikov S. A. Atlas diagramm i kartogramm po agrarnomu voprosu (Atlas of diagrams and cartograms on the agrarian problem). Pod ob-shchei redaktsiei A. V. Chayanova. Moskva: Knigoizdat, "Universal'naya biblioteka." In 4°, 40 pp., diag., cart.

BN 4° S.6100 (3) NYPL QI p.v. 84 LOV Mel. 8.871 (2) HL HD 715 K64

Statisticheskii spravochnik po agrarnomu voprosu (Statistical reference book on the agrarian problem). Sostavlen Ekonomischeskim otdelom Vserossiiskogo Zemskogo Soyuza pod redaktsiei N. P. Oganovskogo i A. V. Chayanova, vypusk 1. Zemlevladenie i zemlepoVzovanie (Land-holding and land tenure). Liga agrarnykh reform—Redaktsionnyi konntet, P. P. Maslov, S. L. Maslov, N. P. Oganovskii, i A. V. Chayanov, Seriya A, No. 4. Moskva: "Universal'naya biblioteka." In 8°, 31 pp.

Bibliography of A. V. Chayanov 295

BN 4° S.6100 HL 1992 V 983

1918

Statisticheskii spravochnik po agrarnomu voprosu (Statistical reference book on the agrarian problem). Sostavlen agrarnym otdeleniem eko nomicheskogo otdela Vserossiiskogo Zemskogo Soyuza pod obshchei redaktsiei Ya. S. Artyukhova i A. V. Chayanova, vypusk II. Sel'skoe khozyaistvo . . ., chast' 1. Sersko-khozyaistvennaya perepis' 1916 g. (The agricultural census of 1916), Liga agrarnykh reform, Seriya A, No. 5. In 8°, pp. 24. Chast' 2. Krest'yanskoe khozyaistvo i mirovaya torgovlya pro-duktami sel'skogo-khozyaistva (Peasant Economy and World Trade in Agricultural Products), Liga agrarnykh reform, Seriya A, No. 6. Moskva: "Universal'naya biblioteka." In 8°, pp. 48.

BN 4° S.6100 (5 and 6) HL HD 1992 V983 (5 only)

1920

Klepikov S. A. Pitanie russkogo krest'yanstva (Feeding the Russian peasant). Ed. A. V. Chayanov. Moskva. In 4°, XXIV + 52 pp.

BN 4° R.7868 (2)

1921

Sbornik stat'ei i materialov po seVskokhoz. kooperatsii I-II (Collection of articles and materials on agricultural cooperatives). K 9-my Vserossii-skomu s"ezdu Sovetov, V sbornike prinyali uchastie N. Osinskii, M. Sheffer, B. Mesyatsev, Gr. Kaminskii, Boris Kushner, A. Chayanov, A. Bitzenko, A. Merkulov i dr. Izd. komiteta Narkomzem A (koope-ratotdel). Moskva. In 8°, 92 pp.

Nikitin N. A. Razdelenie Moskovskoi gubernii na seVskokhozyaistvennye raiony (The division of Moscow guberniya into agricultural districts), vypusk 1. Obshchaya redaktsiya i wedenie A. V. Chayanova (Zemel'nyi otdel Moskovskogo Soveta R. K. i K. D.). Moskva: Gos. izdatel'stvo. In 4°, 160 pp., maps, tab.

BM 8287 d41 BN 4° S.5990 (1) HL HD 720 M6A2

1922

Statisticheskii spravochnik po agrarnomu voprosu (Statistical reference book on the agrarian problem). Pod red. S. A. Klepikova i A. V. Chayanova, vypusk III. SeVskoe khozyaistvo 1918-1920 gg. (Agriculture from 1918-1920). Liga agrarnykh reform, Seriya A, No. 7. Moskva: izdatel'stvo "Novaya Derevnya." In 4°, 32 pp.

296 THE THEORY OF PEASANT ECONOMY

BN 4° S.6100 (7)

1926

Problemy urozhaya (Harvest problems), a collection of articles. Ed. A. V. Chayanov. (Trudy Nauchno-Issled. Inst, s.-kh. ekonomii) Moskva. Ill -f 338 pp., maps and graphs.

315

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Lebedev V. I. Laboratornye zanyatiya po organizatsii s.-kh. predpriyatii i tsennostnym vychisleniyam v seVskom khozyaistve (Laboratory studies on the organization of agricultural enterprises and on agricultural calculations on value terms). Pod rukovodstrom A. V. Chayanova. Moskva. 36 pp.

Ovchinnikov Iu. E. Organizatsiya strakhovaniya skota (Organization of livestock insurance). Predislovie A. V. Chayanova. Moskva-Leningrad. 142 pp.

Brinkman Carl. Ekonomicheskie osnovy organizatsii seV sko-khozyaistven-nykh predpriyatii (Economic basis of the organization of agricultural enterprises). Perev. s. nem. predislovie Chayanova (Trudy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta sel\ kh. ekonomii). Moskva. XII + 224 pp.

1927

Anisimov, I. A., Vermenichev, I., Naumov, K. Proizvodstvennaya kharak-terista kresfyanskikh khozyaistv razlichnykh sotsiaVnykh grupp:tablitsy schetovodnogo analiza 60 kresfyanskikh khozyaistv Vnyanogo raiona Volokolamskogo uezda Moskovskoi gubernii (A production description of peasant farms in various social groups: tables of a bookkeeping analysis of 60 peasant farms in the flax area of Volokolamsk uezd, Moscow guberniya). Pod obshchim rukovodstvom i red. A. V. Chayanova. Moskva: Moskovskii rabochii, Trudy Nauchno-Issled. Instituta sersko-khozyaistvennoi ekonomii, vypusk 24. 440 pp.

LC HD 9155.R93V82

Ten years of Soviet Power in Figures, 1917-1927. Preface by A. V. Chayanov. Moscow: Central Statistical Board. XIV + 516 pp., 17 cm.

HL HD 1992 C 435

1927-28

Statisticheskii spravochnik SSSR. God 1927-1928 (Statistical reference book on the U.S.S.R. 1927-1928). Pod red. A. V. Chayanova. Moskva: Tsentrarnoe statisticheskoe upravlenie SSSR. In 16°

NYPL QB

List of Tables

1-1 Variation in average peasant family size in certain guberniyas............. 55

1-2 Estimation of family labor units and consumer units and therefrom the

number of consumers a worker must maintain........................ 56

1-3 Distribution of families by family size................................... 56

1-4 Family members' ages in different years of its existence ................. 57

1-5 Development of the family in 26 years of its existence.................... 58

1-6 Connection between family development and sown area.................. 62

1-7 Relation between family size and agricultural activity................... 63

1-8 Percentage of six-year olds in relation to sown area per farm.............. 65

1-9 Percentage of adults per sown area in desyatinas........................ 66

1-10 1911 sown area by 1882 sown area groups (percent)....................... 67

2-1 Comparison in output rates achieved by workers from four guberniyas..... 71

2-2 Distribution of peasant farms by annual output per worker............... 72

2-3 Distribution of peasant family labor on different uses..................... 73

2-4)

2_A Unutilized labor force per peasant household ........................... 74

2-6 Annual labor expenditure in 25 sample farms........................... 77

2-7 Number of consumers per worker illustrating annual expenditure per

worker.............................................................. 78

2-8 Effect of influence of consumer/worker ratio on intensity of labor......... 78

2-9 Annual income and consumer/worker ratio.............................. 79

2-10 Workers output depending on consumer/worker ratio and area of land held. 79 2-11)

2-121 ^ect °^ imProve<i working conditions on output........................ 80

2-13 Comparison between payment and days worked per worker/consumer..... 81

2-14 Average rates of productivity per annual worker......................... 85

3-1 Relationship between income and area of land held..................... 93

3-2 Relationship between sown area and income per worker.................. 94

3-3 Relationship between sown area and farm income and expenditure........ 94

3-4]

3-51 Influence of family size and availability of fixed capital on economic activity. 95,96 3-6J

3-7 Capital and sown area per worker by family size........................ 97

3-8 Satisfaction of personal demands by family size and capital............... 97

3-9 Family gross income by family size and amount of fixed capital........... 98

3-10 Gross income per family worker by family size and amount of fixed capital. 98 3-11 Gross income per 100 rubles of fixed capital by family size and amount of

fixed capital......................................................... 98

3-12 Sown area per 100 rubles of capital..................................... 99

3-13 Total family income in relation to fixed capital per worker and family size. 99

3-14 Sown area per consumer............................................... 100

3-15 Relationship between capital available and increase of sown area.......... 100

3-16 Percentage of working time spent in agriculture and in crafts and trades. .. 102 3-17 Annual budget per consumer for workers in agriculture and in crafts and

trades............................................................... 102

3-18 Correlation between elements in peasant farm economy................... 103

3-19] 3-20

3-21 [ Correlation coefficients and "functional link" formulas................. 104-5

3-22 3-23J

3-24 Land rented and consumer/worker ratio................................. Ill

3-25) 3-26 (

Labor expenditure on crop production.................................. 114

297

298 THE THEORY OF PEASANT ECONOMY

3-27 3-28 3-29

Influence of land pressure on crop production........................ 115-16

4-1 Peasant farm incomings and outgoings in money and in kind.............. 121

4-2 Consumer's budget on a nonmonetary and a monetary farm............... 122

4-3 Income in kind and in money on peasant farm and money-based farm..... 123

4-4 Money receipt from agriculture per worker and assumed net income....... 125

4-5 Percentage marketed of certain crops................................... 126

4—6 Peasant family consumption in terms of an annual male consumer......... 129

4-7 Average annual expenditure on clothing, etc............................ 130

4-8 Total annual expenditure per consumer on personal needs............... 130

4-9 Annual expenditure in kind and in money per consumer................. 130

4-10 Expenses per consumer in money....................................... 131

4-11 Expenditure per consumer on clothing.................................. 131

4-12 Rented arable per worker.............................................. 133

4-13 Payment by cost of produce excluding outlays on materials per working day. 135

4-14 Net income of 250 hectare farm........................................ 135

4-15 Influence of distance-from-market on productivity....................... 136

4-16 Rates of labor payment for a desyatina in 1900-1910 in Volokolamsk...... 136

4-17 Average fluctuations in harvest, prices, and incomes for rye and wheat..... 137

4-18 Partial ley rotation for three fields..................................... 144

4-19 Yaroslavl' crop rotation for four fields.................................. 145

4-20 Crop rotation for eight fields in Kholmets............................... 146

4-21 Labor expenditure for certain crops by half-monthly periods............. 150

4-22 Horse workdays per sown area......................................... 154

4-23 Sown area and workstock per farm..................................... 155

4-24 Horse workdays per farm.............................................. 156

4-25 Work per horse for the farm........................................... 157

4-26 Debit and credit account of horse keeping.............................. 158

4-27 Horse keeping compared with cost of hiring............................ 158

4-28]

4-291 Variety and intensity with which the peasant farm obtains fodder....... 161-3

4-30]

4-31 Grass growing and the peasant farm.................................... 164

4-32 Average time spent in pasture for five-year period........................ 165

4-33 Varying areas used as pasture.......................................... 166

4-34 Amount of time spent in pasture....................................... 166

4-35 Composition and movement of capital devoted to livestock............... 169

4-36 Value of the herd and changes during the year per average farm......... 170

4-37 Influence of harvest on livestock sales................................... 171

4-38 Commercial livestock account........................................... 173

4-39 Fragmentation of land in some German farms........................... 177

4-40 Cost of work on an area of oats by distance............................. 177

4-41 Work by farm sectors in Volokolamsk farm.............................. 181

4-42 Comparison of working days spent per desyatina of suitable land in certain

flax growing areas.................................................... 182

4-43 Use of machinery and size of farm...................................... 188

4-44 Farm size and percentage using machinery............................... 189

4-45 Workdays spent on an area of wheat.................................... 190

4-46 Relation between sown area and farm-building area..................... 191

4-47)

4_4g[ Value of peasant farm means of production......................... 192, 193

4-49 Process of capital circulation and renewal............................... 194

4-50 Actual payment in agriculture in different areas.......................... 194

5-1 Percentage expenditure on "economic expenditures." .................... 199

5-2 Comparison between economic expenditure and expenditure on personal

consumption......................................................... 200

List of Tables 299

5-3 Novgorod budgets...................................................... 200

5-4 Number of cows and horses per consumer by arable and personal budget. .. 203

5-5 Consumer/worker ratio and personal expenditure........................ 204

5-6 Consumer/worker ratio and economic expenditure....................... 204

5-7 Consumer/worker ratio and capital renewal.............................. 205

5-8 Expenditure on economic requirements by personal budget and agricultural

income.............................................................. 205

5-9 Farm's crafts and trades activity, agricultural income, and economic

expenditure......................................................... 206

6-1 Increasing returns and well-being of peasant families..................... 231

6-2 Laur's accounting system for peasant farms.............................. 232

6-3 Comparison between rent paid and net income.......................... 236

6-4 Comparison between rent paid and net income (Swiss farms).............. 236

7-1 Distribution of peasant farm composition by sown-area classes............ 243

7-2 Percentage of peasant farms with given number of workers.............. 244

7-3 Farm census for 1911 and 1882.......................................... 246

7-4)

Farm census for 1911 and 1882 showing percentage of those undivided..... 247

7-6 Sown areas 1911 as percentage of farms in 1882.......................... 248

7-7 Percentage of farms by sown area....................................... 250

7-8 Percentage of farms with and without workstock (1911, 1882)............. 252

7-9 Percentage of households with and without sown area (1911, 1882)......... 252

7-10 Peasant farms in 25 guberniyas of Russia by sown area................... 253

7-11 Percentage of on-farm labor per area of use (Swiss)..................... 255

7-12 Percentage of farms using hired and short-time labor (1911, 1882)......... 256

Index

Advantage: distinction between conception on the labor farm and that on the capitalist one, 86-89; its calculation in crop selection, 138

Aeroboe, Fr.: lxv; and calculation of net income in agriculture, liii; and farm organization, 45, 126; and land valuation, 227

Agrarian question: C.'s works and, xxv-xxvi, lxiv-lxv; nationalization and, xxviii; effect of the Revolution on, xxxvi; varying opinions on, xxxvi-xxxvii; regional diversities and, xxxvii-xxxviii; C. and, xxxviii ff; role of the agricultural officer, xl-xli

Agricultural Economics Research Institute, 254, 256

Agricultural Economy and Politics, Postgraduate Seminar in, 103

Agricultural enterprises: problem of their optimum size, lvi-lviii, lx, lxi, lxxiv, 90-91, 111; use of the cooperative in their integration, lviii-lx; C.'s production plan for, lxii; Marxists' attacks on C.'s thesis, lxx; definition of, 90; ratio of labor, land, and capital for all sizes of, 91; influence of family size and available capital on, 95 ff; interconnection between their elements of production, 103; effect of surplus labor and unsatisfied demand on their organization, 107; effect of land improvement on economic rent in capitalist and labor units, 237; their heterogeneity in Russia, 243-44, 254; movement towards capitalism, 257 ff; future of their organization, 265-69

Agricultural Institute of Petrovskoe Ra-zumovskoe, C. and, xxvii, xl, lvi

Agricultural officers: interest in large estates, xxvii; employment by Zemstvo organizations, xxviii; C. and, xxx, xxxi, xxxii; accounting system for, xxxii; and the land question, xxxvi; their role in agrarian reform, xl-xli; their human role, xli; and land irrigation, 1; appear-

Agricultural officers—Cont.

ance in remote countryside, 36; problems facing, 36-37; use of morphological static elements in peasant farms, 45; criticisms of C, 85; favor Yaroslavl' rotation, 145; suggest a differential agricultural programme, 254

Agricultural produce, its price determination, 239

Agricultural science: application to crop selection, 138-39; and restoration of soil fertility, 139-40

Agricultural Societies: Khar'kov, xxviii, xxxvi; Moscow, xxviii, xxxvi; St. Petersburg, xxviii, lxviii

Agriculture: its collectivization, xi, xxvii, lix; Marx and, xviii-xix, 36; Lenin and its capitalization, xx; changes in its economy, xxii, 36; study of the large estates, xxvii-xxviii; increased supply of specialists, xxviii; its monetization, xxxviii; dissimilarity with industry in production principles, xxxviii-xxxix, 4-5; instruments of state action for its transformation, xxxix-xl; role of the official in its transformation, xl-xli; inapplicability of labor unit, xliii; study of its regionalization, xlvii; absorption of population increases, xlviii; irrigation and, 1; difficulty of calculating a net income, liii; problem of accelerating technical improvement, lvi; its vertical and horizontal integration, lviii, lix, 262-63, 266-67; C. revises some earlier positions on its evolution in U.S.S.R., lxiii-lxiv; its development dependent on industry, lxxi; social evolution before and after the Revolution, lxxiii, 36; possible domination by capitalist influence, 49, 257-64; variations in labor intensity curve, 74-75, 238; supplanted by industry, 107-8; amount of working time spent on, 179, 180; influence of its mechanism on capitalist economics, 225; effect of overpopulation on, 241; its gradual proletarianization, 257; its influence on Soviet economy, 265-66

301

302 THE THEORY OF PEASANT ECONOMY

Agronomy: xxx; first books on, xxvii; beginnings of, xxvii-xxviii; the intelligentsia and, xxviii; C.'s study of, xl, lxix

All-Russian Zemstvo Union, xxxvi America: xxi, 257; revolution wrought by mechanization, lxiii; lack of pure family farms, 112; semicapitalist "farmer's" undertakings, 255 Anarchism, xliv, xlvi

Anfimov, A. M., and separation of capitalist farming from peasant economy, lxiii

Animal husbandry: transport costs and, lvii-lviii; crop rotation and, 146; organization of draft, 153-59; problems of fodder-getting, 159 ff; lack of dry feed, 164; damage caused by stock, 164; amount of time spent in pastures, 164-66; regarded as a form of fixed capital, 171; see also Livestock farming

Anisimov, V., xxxv, lv, lvi, 254

Archangel, xxxv, xlvi

Arnol'd, A., interconnection between elements of agricultural production, 103

Artels, lix, 264, 267

Artisans, contrasted with slaves, 13

Austria: marginalist school, lxix; C. and its economic school, 46, 84-85, 220; labor distribution on its farms, 149

Avarice, feature of peasant psychology, 47-48

"Back to the People" movement, xi, xxvii

Balance: labor-consumer balance, C.'s concept of, xv, xvi-xvii, 46, 47-48, 70-71; factors affecting, xvii; Litoshenko and, 47; basis of its creation, 48-49

Bank, State, and flax export, xxxv

Banks, rural credit, xxxv

Baskin, G. I.: his criteria of social differentiation, lv; and farm organization, 136; and grain sales, 258

Bazaar, rural: its place in the peasant economy, 258; trade and social catchment area, 258-59

Bazarov, lxxi

Bazhaev, V. G., formula for cost of working day for machines, 183-84 Bazykin, 33 Becu, Fr., 184

Belgium: lxv; C. and, xxvi; flax cultivation, xxxiv Berlin, C. in, xxvi Besancon, Alain, xlvi Blagoveshchenskii, Mr., 54 Bleklov, S., 54

Bolsheviks: and the agrarian question, xxxvi; fall from power, xv; and Lenin's truce with cooperative movement, lvi; attitude toward cooperation, lx

Borodin, I. A., and the optimal size of agricultural enterprises, lxxiv

Brdlik, K., 115

Bread, price of, 40

Brutskus, B.: xxxi, xli, xlvii, lxv; contrasts peasant and capitalist economies, xxx; and the Agrarian Question, xxxvi; criticism of C, lxviii, 33, 97; and moment of equilibrium, 6

Budgets, peasant, questionnaires on: xxxi; C.'s analysis of, xxxiii; new methods of research into, liv-lv; Prokopovich's use of, lxvii; results of their study, 40-41; showing average rates of net production, 85; correlation with family size, 106; variations in due to expansion and increased income, 130-31; average family figures, 132; comparison between personal and economic expenditure, 199-200; interrelationship between personal and economic expenditure as income increases, 200 ff; effect of consumer/worker ratio on capital formation, 204-5; influence on of capital advanced for production purposes, 205; diet (food), 128, 129 (Table 4-6); clothing, 128, 130 (Tables 4-7, 4-8), 131 (Table 4-11); total personal expenditure, 130 (Table 4-8)

Buildings, farm: determination of area required, 191-92 (Table 4-46); capital valuation, 192; reflect size of labor farm, 254

Bukharin, Nicholas: Economy of the Transition Period, xliv; and concessions to peasants, lvi; disclaims belonging to "petty bourgeois princes," lxxi; and the creation of a communist society, 23

Bulgakov, Professor, and rent on the labor farm, 227

Bureaucracy, its domination of socialist economy, xliv

Capital: its role in peasant economy, 1, li, 10; its intensification in peasant and capitalist economies, liv; interrelationship with prices, wages, and rent, 3-4; its investment and increases in prosperity, 10; essential part of agricultural undertakings, 90; interrelationship with land and labor, 90 ff; influence of its supply and availability on farm structure and income, 95, 101; determination of its availability in peasant family, 110; comparison between entrepreneur and

Index 303

Capital—Cont.

peasant family in its distribution, 109; its organization as expressed in livestock farming, 170-74; size and composition of fixed capital for peasant farms, 192; amount of circulating capital required, 194; its role on the labor farm different from that on capitalistic undertakings, 195-96, 238; morphology of its circulation in labor and capitalistic undertakings, 196-97; connection between its renewal process and expenditure on personal needs, 197-98; dependence of its formation on on-farm equilibrium, 203, 205; factors affecting its formation, 204-6, 216; influence of its intensity in achieving equilibrium, 206-16; and establishment of optimal farm intensity, 213-15; influence of on-farm equilibrium on its formation and renewal, 216-23

Capitalism: lxv, 25; characteristics of its enterprises, xiii; applied to family farms, xiii, 49, 88, 224; analysis of its profit calculation, xvi; application to farming by Marx, xviii, xxix, xxx; Lenin and its application to farmers, xx, 49; useless-ness of its accounting systems to farms, xxxi-xxxii, xxxix; and rent capitalization, 1-li, liii—liv, 236, 237; interplay of land and capital, li; position of rent under, liii, 224 ff; optimum size of agricultural undertakings, Ivii; supposed impact of, lxv; conflict with peasant economy, lxix; analysis of its development in Russian agriculture, lxii, lxxiii; the exclusive concern of modern economics, 1; its dominance in finance and world economy, 1; formula for calculating profitability, 3, 86; its dependence on interacting economic categories, 3 ff; intensification of labor under, 7-8; the slave economy, 13-14; Marxist critique of, 23; only one concept of economic life, 24; its destruction by peasant labor farm, 28; growth of trading side, 36; calculation of advantage under, 88; scheme of capital circulation under, 196-97; the family farm becomes part of the system, 222, 224; influence of family farm mechanics on its system, 225; development of its form of agriculture, 255-56; makes headway in agriculture, 257; significance of the cooperatives in the State form, 265-67; development of State form, 268

Carey, liii

Central Cooperative Association of Flax

Growers, xxxv Central Statistical Office, liv

Chayanov, Alexander Vasilevich (1888-1939), Biog.: obscurity of his name and works, vii, xxv; academic appointments, vii, xxvii; his arrest, xxiii; lack of details concerning, xxvi; his travels abroad, xxvi; personality and accomplishments, xxvi-xxvii, xliv; pseudonyms, xxvi, xliv; and the agricultural officer, xxx, xxxiii; and Laur's accounting system, xxxi-xxxii, xxxiv; his field surveys, xxxi, xli; organization of flax market, xxxiv-xxxv; organization of wartime and Revolution food supply, xxxvi; and Agrarian Reform League, xxxvi-xxxvii; seminars conducted by, xl, xli, xiii; victim of Stanlinist purge, xiii; success of his school, lvi; accused of counterrevolutionary conspiracy, lxxi

Writings: vii, xxv-xxvi, lv, Ivii, lviii; Agricultural Advice to the Public, xl; Basic Ideas . ... in Peasant Cooperatives, lviii; Die Lehre, xxxiii, xxxiv, xlix, Hi; publication of, 1; and conception of profitability in the peasant economy, 1; and interplay of labor, land, and capital in family economy, li; Prokopovich's reply to, lxvii; "District Agricultural Officer . . . ", xxxi; Journey . ... to the Land of Peasant Utopia, xliv-xlvi; Marxist opposition in the Preface, lxix; Life and Technology in the Future, C.'s contribution, "The Possibilities of Agriculture", lxiv; Methods of Non-Monetary Calculation, xiii; Ocherki, xxxiii, xlix; publication of, 1; role of machinery and land improvement in peasant economy, 1; comparison of peasant and worker budgets, lxv; attack on C. in its preface, lxix; "On the Theory of Non-Capitalist Economic Systems", viii, ix, xii, xiii, xlix, lxv, 1-28, 226; concept of rent its central theme, li; Table showing economic categories present in the various economic systems, 25; Optimal Size of the Farm, vii; Organizatsiya, xxiv, Hi; Introduction, 35-51; Peasant Farm Organization, vii, xii, xix, xxiii, xlix; concept of rent its central theme, li; a reply to his critics, Iii—liii; and motivation in peasant economy, lxix; C. cites arguments of Marxists against his thesis, lxix ff; Study of the Isolated State, xlvi, xlvii-xlviii; "Technical Organization of Grain Factories", lxi; questions answered in, lxi-lxii; Theory of Peasant Economy, vii, viii; What is the Agrarian Question? xxxviii, xl

Theories and intellectual development: definition of family farm, viii;

304 THE THEORY OF PEASANT ECONOMY

Chayanov, Alexander Vasilevich—Cont. on the theoretical structure of profit calculation, viii-ix; theory of family economy, x, xxi; and the ideas of his predecessors, xii, 35; and absence of "wages" factor from family farms, lx, 220; concept of labor/consumer balance, xv-xvii, 119, 220, 226; concept of "demographic differentiation," xvii; use of "bourgeois" economic terms, xvii, 242; on the division of available family income, xvii-xviii; position vis-a-vis Marx, xix; differences with Lenin, xx-xxi; and hired labor, xx, xxi-xxii, xlviii, 221, 255; application of his theories outside Russia, xxi-xxii; his six major kinds of economy, xxii-xxiii; development of his theory of peasant economy, xxx ff, xlix, lxiv; and budget analysis of peasant farms, xxxi, lviv, lv; and the inapplicability of capitalist theory, xxxii, xliii, 220; and relation between family consumption and farm expenses ("Organization and Production"), xxxiii, xxxviii; theories of cooperation, xxxiv, xxxv; and the Agrarian Question, xxxvii ff; attitude to land nationalization, xxxviii; disbelief in force, xxxix; suggestions for land reform, xxxix-xl; and inflation, xlii-xliii; criticism of labor units reckoned in monetary terms, xliii; and a socialist economy, xliii-xliv; his Peasant Utopia (1984), xliv-xlvi; hypothesis of the model "isolated state," xlvi-xlviii, lxvi; and the regionalization of agriculture, xlvii; criticisms evoked by his theories, Hi, lv, lxii—lxiii, lxvii-lxviii, 33, 43, 84-85, 117, 118-19, 224, 282; statistical method of enquiry, lv-lvi; and the optimum size of agricultural enterprises, lvi-lviii; studies of cooperatives, lviii, lix; attitude to horizontal and vertical integration, lviii, lix; and state farms, lx ff; revision of his previous position on Soviet agriculture, lxiii-lxiv; faith in scientific progress, lxiv; synthesis of his contribution to theory of peasant economy, lxiv ff; analysis of various types of farming, lxv; and social differentiations, lxix; unbridgeable gulf between him and his opponents, lxxi; replies to critics of the Organization School theory, 43 ff; accused of idealisation of labor farm, 243

Chelintsev, A. N.: xii, xxx, xlvii, xlix, lv, lxviii-lxix, 136, 226; and population density, lxvi; and land rent on peasant labor farms, xlviii-xlix, 227; acclaims Brutskus' treatise on rural economy,

Chelintsev, A. N—Con*.

lxviii; accused with C, lxxi; and moment of equilibrium, 6; and rent factor in family farms, 8; member of Organization and Production School, 35, 38, 46; and fluctuations in utilization of working time, 76; and livestock farming, 167, 171, 239; Does economic rent exist in the labor farm?, 226-27; Theoretical Basis of Peasant Farm Organization, 171; Theory and Practice of Peasant Economy, xxxii

Chernenkov, N. N.: study of Saratov guberniya, 67, 111; study of peasant farm dynamics, 133, 246, 253

Chernyshevsky, Nikolai, xxix

China, peasant farms, 1, 112

Chuprov, A. T.: xxix, xlii, lxviii; and modernization of small-scale production, xxix

Collectivization: xi, xxvii; an economic system, Iii; C.'s theories and, lviii; farming area under, lix; C.'s doubts concerning, lix-lx; Marxist theoreticians and, lxxi; official attitude toward, lxxiv; its cooperative form and large-scale industrialization, 267

Commissariat of Agriculture, problems submitted to Institute of Agricultural Economy, xlii

Communes, agricultural, xxxviii, lix, 111, 267

Communes, repartitional: connection between family size and agricultural activity, 68; adjustment of size of land for use to farm's requirement, 132-33; effect on farm layout, 175-76

Communications (with markets), influence on labor payment, 135

Communism: lvi; one type of economic theory, xxii, 23; war agricultural policy, xliv; C. on its failure, xlv; a noncapital-ist system, 22; conceived as a single unit, 23; an equilibrium between consumption and production, 23; requires a continuous social exertion, 24; absence of rural economic categories, 24; questions on the theory of its organization, 24

Communist Party: and concessions to peasants, lvi; liquidation of the right, lxxi

Congresses: Agrarian Reform League (Second), 1917, 151; Agricultural, 1901, xxx; Agricultural Officers, xxx, xxxi; All-Russian Union of Linen Producers, (First), xxxi, xxxiv; (Second), xxxiv-xxxv; Cooperative Movement, 1908, xxx; Moscow Oblast Agriculture, 1911, 37; Russian Doctors (Ninth), social survey, xxix

Index 305

Consumer rate, 130-32, 151, 152-53

Consumer unit: 4, 51, 55 (Table 1-2); feed-getting and its organization, 161

Consumption: effect of capital renewal on, 10-11, 11; effect of its demands on labor intensity, 76-78, 125; differences in commodity and nonmonetary farms, 123-24; qualitative and quantitative elements, 124-25; allocation of income to, 216-23

Consumption level: relation to drudgery of labor, xlix; relation to rent in peasant economy, liii

Cooperative Institute, xiii

Cooperatives: C. and, xxvi, xxxiv, lviii-lx; peasant interest in, xxxv, lix; commercial development, xxxviii; C.'s seminar on the agricultural officer and, xl; Lenin and the movement, lvi; use of the formula for agricultural enterprises, lviii— lix; essentially a spontaneous mass movement, lix; to be extended from marketing to production, lxiii; unrestrained growth of the movement, 36; problems facing the officers, 36-37; the Organization School and, 50; butter-making, 172; a differential approach to, 254; a form of vertical agricultural concentration, 263-65; their significance in state capitalism, 265-91; one basis of the state's economic system, 267; mode of development, 268-69

Cossacks, land possessions, xxxvii-xxxviii

Crafts and trades, xv, xvii, 51, 60, 74; relation of income from to amount of land held, 40; volume of activity and relationship between land and development of family, 63, 64; their place in calculating annual productivity, 70; a means to attain economic equilibrium, 94, 97, 98, 101; their absorption of unused labor, 101, 106, 113; produce a lower standard of well-being, 101-2; reasons for peasants' engagement in, 106, 107; seasonal variations and, 107; market situations and, 107, 109; give higher payment per labor unit, 108-9; effect on peasant budgets, 131; amount of working time spent on, 179, 180; their part in economic activity, 199-200, 205, 206; classification of farms by, 206; lead to increases in economic expenditure, 206; introduction of machinery and their availability, 211

Credit: influence on capital formation, 212, 214; prevalence of rural usury, 239; differential approach to, 254; use of hired labor and, 255; capitalist exploitation of, 257-58, 262

Credit and Savings Cooperatives, accounting system for peasant economy, xxx

Crops: use of machinery and their type, Ivii; comparison of their production from viewpoint of labor quantity and gross income, 113-16, (Tables 3-25, 3-26), 145; factors to be considered in their selection for cultivation, 134, 137-38, 189-90, 239; necessity for their rotation, 143 ff; creation of pasture, 146, 147; labor organization and their cultivation, 147-48; see also Field-cropping systems

Czechoslovakia: 112; effect of surplus labor on agricultural intensity, 115-16 (Table 3-29)

Demand satisfaction: viii, xvii; and the degree of self-exploitation, 6, 81-84, 97, 195, 240; capital investment and, 10, 97, 208-10, 217; and calculation of advantage, 87; inclusion of personal and economic expenditure in the system, 202; introduction of machinery and, 211-12; introduction of economic rent and, 230, 234-35

Demographic differentiation: C.'s concept of, xvii; and the family labor farm, 12; influence on quitrent, 19-20; relationship between family development and size of areas sown, 67-68, 245, 254; and composition of peasant farm, 245-49; use of term by economists, 254

Denmark, 263, 264

Diehl, Professor Karl, 221

Dietze, Constantin von, xiii

Diminishing returns, law of (applied to agriculture): xlvii, 46; Institute discussion on, lxviii-lxix

Dmitriev, V. K., 204

Domestic work, amount of working time spent on, 179, 180

Domostroi, the, xxvii

Don Forces Oblast, 171

Doyarenko, A. G.: lxxi; and peasant crop rotations, 147

Draft (workhorses): estimate of amount required, 153-55; distribution of its use, 155; its low utilization, 155-57; cost of, 155-57, 158 (Table 4-24, p. 156, Table 4-26, p. 158); hiring of, 157, 158; variations in period of winter stalling, 162; and type of livestock farming, 167; effect of poor farm layout on overhead costs, 177; effect on size of labor farm, 254

Drudgery of labor, viii, xv, xvi-xvii, xxxii, 240: C.'s concept of, xxxii, 6, 81; relation of consumption level to, xlix, 113; and the degree of self-exploitation, 6; capital investment and, 10, 207-8, 209-10, 218;

306 THE THEORY OF PEASANT ECONOMY

Drudgery of labor— Cont.

its effect on energy expenditure, 81-84, 97; and calculation of advantage, 87; variation with distance, 178; inclusion of personal and economic expenditure in the system, 202; use of machinery and, 211-12; and rentable areas, 216; introduction of economic rent into the system, 230

Dubrovskii, 33

Dyushen, P. P., xlii

Dzerzhanovska, 103

£cole Superieure Russe, xxix

Economic crises: influence of labor farm peculiarities on their nature and course, 239-40; effect on developing farms, 251

Economic expenditures: definition of, 199; comparison with expenditure on personal demands, 199-200; interrelationship with capital renewal, 201-5; influence of personal expenditure on, 205, 206; amount of income allotted to, 216-20

Economic unit (of a peasant or artisan family): definition of, 1; continuing existence of the type, 2-3; calculation of income, 5; variation in indivisible labor product, 5; calculation of highest net profit, 7; its determination of land price, 9-10; considerations of capital investment, 10; "circulation of capital" in, 10; internal capital circulation, 10—11; social categories determining its structure, 13; position of the slave, 13, 16; compared with serfdom, 17; capitalist calculation formula, 86; basic principles, 90; based on hired labor, 119

Economics: need of a theoretical analysis of the past, 2; value of such an analysis, 2-3; need for a universal theory of, 26; five principles common to all systems of economic activity, 26-27; coexistence of certain systems, 27-28

Economics (neoclassical): 222; failure to analyze family farms, xiii-xv, xxx, 1; C.'s criticism of, xv, xxx, xliv, xlix; failure to develop a theory of noncapital-istic systems, li; analysis of types of farming, lxv

Engels, Friedrich, and capitalist farmers, xviii

England: export of flax to, xxxv; wages and bread prices, 40; payment of excessive rent by capitalists, 237; spread of wool farming in, 237

Ensor, R. C. K., Modern Socialism, xix

Equilibrium, basic (economic equilibrium): viii, xvi, xxxii, 12, 51; point at which it is reached, 6, 7, 10, 82, 83, 96-97, 102-3, 107, 108, 109, 195; and serfdom, 17; in the communist economic system, 23; in calculation of advantage, 87-88; relation to capital renewal, 198-99; inclusion of personal and economic expenditure in the system, 202; conditions affecting its on-farm point, 203-5, 206, 231; influence of its on-farm factors on capital formation and renewal, 206, 216-33; effect of machinery on its position, 211-12; effect of introducing economic rent on its position, 230, 234-35

Equipment, agricultural, organization of: 182 ff; see also Machinery

Europe, Western: disputes concerning small peasantry, xix; medieval feudal economy, xxii; uselessness of accounting systems to Russia, xxxi-xxxii; study of its agricultural cycles, xlii; its peasant farms, 1, 112, 255; low degree of land mobility, 116; fragmentation of agricultural land, 176; semicapitalist "farmers" undertakings, 255; flax sales, 261

Factories, grain, C. and, lxi-lxii

Family, the: varying concepts of, 54; basis of, 54; theoretical scheme of its "normal" development over 26 years, 56-57 (Table 1-4); its composition in consumer and worker units at different stages, 57-59 (Table 1-5); splits into two or more families, 60; at every stage a completely distinct labor machine, 60; correlation between its development and measure of agricultural activity, 63 ff; internal character of this relationship, 64; and material prosperity, 64-66; percentage composition of young children in different areas, 65-66; see also Peasant family

Family economy: theory of, xv; C.'s two sub-types, xxii-xxiii; place of rent in, Iii; difficulty of identifying rent, liii; economic categories present in, 25

Family farms (peasant): C.'s definition of, viii, xiii, 51; his theory and concept of, xiii, xxi-xxii, 41-43, 195; use of the term for capitalistic enterprises, xiii, 42; their prevalence in Russia, xiii, xxxviii, 47, 112; failure of economic theories to analyse, xiii-xv, 225, 226; absence of "wages" factor, xiv-xv, 1, 86, 220, 226, 228; economy compared with capitalistic farms, xviii, 69, 86-87, 148-49, 189, 195,211,215, 220, 224-25, 231-32; their viability, xviii,

Index 307

Family farms (peasant)—Cont.

87; location outside Russia, xxi; inapplicability of marginalist theory, xxxii; accounting systems for, xxxii; role of machinery on, 1, lviii; C.'s contribution to their understanding, lxvi-lxvii; previous methods of studying, 35; their need for a separate economic theory, 38-39; six empirical features which differentiate them from capitalistic enterprises, 39-41; their heterogeneity, 47, 243-44, 254; an organizational type of producing machine, 48-49; their absorption into capitalist commodity market, 49, 222, 224, 262, 263-64; family makeup the chief factor in their organization, 53; their basic economic problem, 60; relationship between family development and their activity, 63 ff; calculation of their productivity, 70-73; their labor processes compared with industry, 74; variation in number and intensity of working days, 75; basic principles of their organization, 90 ff; optimal combination of production factors, 90 ff, 113; correlation between all their elements, 103, 203; total proportion in world economy, 112; necessity for an organizational study of, 118; basically undertakings which aim at maximum income, 119; their place in the national economy, 120, 223, 225, 242; variety in type and structure, 120; use of market and natural conditions, 120; studied from a private economic point of view, 121 ff; variation in development of money and commodity elements, 121— 25; sequence of organizational considerations, 127-28; instability of their land areas, 133; organization plan for a consumer three-field unit, 160 ff; position of livestock farming as reserve capital, 171-74; their poor layout, 174-76; methods of dealing with zones that differ by distance, 178-79; their total labor organization, 179-82; irregularities in labor organization, 189; efforts to expand their work area, 189-90; size and composition of fixed capital, 192-93; amount of circulating capital required by, 194; capital renewal process, 195, 201 ff; effect of consumer/worker ratio on capital in their formation, 204; influence of capital in achieving equilibrium, 206 ff; and livestock farming, 215; division of income between consumption and economic expenditure, 216; conclusions on its economic machine, 221-23; coexistence with capitalist farms, 225, 249; their general economic realities, 228;

Family farms (peasant)—Con t.

factors to be considered in calculating economic rents, 228 ff; transference of capitalist lands to, 237; attitude to land improvements, 237-38; influence of their peculiar features, 238-41; their further development, 242, 243; demographic changes in, 246-49; dynamics of their social composition, 248-49; general "upward" and "downward" movements, 249-50; their place in the capitalistic system, 257-62; horizontal and vertical concentration, 262-63, 266-67; concentration into large-scale production units, 266-67

Family labor farm: calculation of labor product, 5-7; use made of market situation, 7; results of intensification of labor, 7; structural peculiarities, 7; element of economic rent in, 8; determination of land price, 9; and the means for capital formation, 11; factors of commodity exchange, 11, 12; distinguished from half-labor farm, 22; its coexistence alongside capitalist enterprise, 27, 225, 249; interrelationship of land, labor, and capital on its activities, 91 ff; fixed nature of its labor force, 91-92; structured to conform to optimal self-exploitation, 92; see also Family farms

Farmer unit, 22

Farms, Russian: small part played by hired labor, xx, 255; proposed transfer of land to, xxxvi, large-scale and small-scale productivity, xxxviii-xxxix; distinction between commodity and nonmonetary, 124-25; transition from nonmonetary to monetary and commodity, 125; prevalence of field crop sectors, 134; factors influencing calculation of "economic" rent, 228-29; small number of semicapi-talist farms, 255-56; slow movement towards proletarianization, 257

Farms, semicapitalist, 255

Farms, state: disadvantages of, lix; campaign for, lx; C. and an organizational and method plan for, lx ff; American dry farming recommended, lxi; C.'s conception of, lxii; C.'s production plan for, lxii-lxiii; optimal size, lxxiv

Fathers of the Church, preoccupation with ethics, 3

Festivals, amount of working time spent on, 179

Feudalism: an economic system, Iii, lxv; absence of modern categories from, 2; the fief system, 21; determination of rent, 21; economic categories present in, 25; the peasant farm and, 42

308 THE THEORY OF PEASANT ECONOMY

Field-cropping systems: 139 ff; changes in their geographical areas, 142; their classification, 142-44, 145-46; Yaroslavl' rotation, 145-46; Shipovo Volokolamsk rotation, 146; an answer to natural and market conditions, 147; effect of intensity of factors of cultivation, 147-48; establishment of volume of activities, 149; need of draft power for, 153; relation of stock farming to, 172

Field cultivation: organization of, 134; method of determining the best system, 134; effect of intensity of its factors on the farm, 147; effect of layout on overhead costs, 177; intensity of tillage determined by distance, 178

Flax: 45, 131; its role in peasant incomes, xxxi; C. and its organization, xxxix xxxv, lxv; advantages of peasant economy over capitalist in its cultivation, liv; reasons for its cultivation by peasants, 40, 239; labor expenditure and its production, 113, 114, 115; variations in yield and price, 136-37 (Table 4-16); Russia's prewar monopolistic position, 137; its place in crop rotation, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148; its cultivation and fodder-getting, 159; annual labor distribution in its cultivation, 179; marketing of, 260-62; connection with capitalism, 262

Fodder-getting: center-pin in farm organization, 159; two different types of reckoning, 159; meadow/arable ratio, 160-61; methods of obtaining, 161-62; beneficial results of introducing sown grasses, 162-64 (Table 4-31); introduction of roots and tubers, 164; purchases of concentrates, 163; and type of livestock farming, 167, 172-74; methods of increasing, 174

Fortunatov, A. F., xl, 40, 109; his library, 139; and popularization of machines, 211

France, 64: flax cultivation, xxxiv, xxxv, 262; concept of the family, 54

Free Economic Society: the intelligentsia and, xxviii; C.'s report to, xxxiii; and the Agrarian Question, xxxvi

Gatovskii, xlii Georgia, revolt in, lvi

Germany: lxv; her historical school, lxvi, 2; revisionist's work, lxvi; Betriebslehre, 43; large-scale farms, 45; nonpartible inheritance in, 68, 112; use of hired labor on peasant farms, 112; land fragmentation on its farms, 176-77; use of farm machinery, 189

Goltz, T., and farm organization, 45, 126, 128

Government, Russian: forbids enquiries into landlord-peasant relations, xii; attitude towards cooperative movement, lx

Great Soviet Encyclopaedia, xxvi

Grigoriev, A. N., xxxi, xii, xlii

Groman, V. G.: lxxi; record of farms using hired labor, 255

Hamburg, consumer/worker ratio budgets, 77

Harvest: and price and income fluctuations, 136, 137; approximation of labor rate, 151; influence of on livestock sales, 171; its period determined by area sown, 189; use of harvesting machines on small areas, 190, 212

Herbst, Dr., and land fragmentation in German farms, 176-77

Herzen, Alexander, xxix

Hilferding, R., 257

Hired labor: C. and its use, xx, xxi-xxii, xlviii, 221, 257; a capitalist factor in the organization of production, 255; small amount of use on Russian farms, 255-56

Horses; see Draft (work horses)

Income (peasant family): calculation of, xv-xvi, 70; division of, xvii-xviii; peasant economy and, xxix-xxx, li; its relation to the intensification of labor, xlix; difficulty of calculation in agriculture, liii; capital investment and, 10; effect of use of machinery on, 39; from crafts and trades, 40; relation to family size, 64, 72; optimal combination of land, labor, and capital and, 91; relation to farm size, 93; in kind and in money on peasant farm and money-based farm, 123 (Table 4-3); relation to distance from market, 135-36; variations in according to price changes, 136-37 (Table 4—17); effect of increases on relationship between personal and economic expenditure, 200 ff; its division between consumption and economic expenditure, 216 ff.

Income, unearned, from use of hired labor, 255

India; xi; peasant farms, 1, 112; British mistake in her economic policy, 221

Industrialization: population movements and, 37; applied to large-scale farming, 267

Index 309

Industry: production units, xxxviii; Weber's theory and, xiii; dependence of agriculture on, lxxi; development in Russia, 36; its replacement of agriculture, 107; supplies of manure from its productions, 159; based on machines that exploit hired labor, 225; its reliance on labor from the countryside, 246

Inflation: xxxix; C. and its problems, xlii-xliii

Institute of Agricultural Economy: xxvii, xli, xlvii, lv; its library, xiii; and optimum size of agricultural enterprises, lvi-lviii, lx-lxi; and C.'s report on elaborating production plans, lxii; criticisms of C. by his colleagues, lxviii; discussions on rent, lxviii-lxix

Institute for the Study of Economics and Agrarian Policy: xli-xlii; members of, xli, xiii; its libraries, xiii; practical and theoretical work, xiii; C.'s preoccupations, xiii

Intelligentsia, the: xvii; their approach to the peasant problem, xi-xii; their control of agricultural associations, xxviii; and Russian agrarian thought, xxviii; C.'s ideals and, xlvi

Interest, interrelationship with wages, profit and rent, xiii, 3-4

Interest rates, and land improvements and machinery investment, liv

Irrigation, 1

Japan: flax import, xxxv; peasant farms, 112

Jevons, W. Stanley, Theory of Political

Economy, 7 Journals, agricultural, xxx

Kablukov, N. A., xii, xxix, xxx Kantorovich, lxxiv

Karatygin, Professor, his "Confessions", lxxi

Kaufman, A. A., criticism of C, 84 Kautsky, Karl Johann: lv; and capitalist

farms, xviii-xix Kazakhstan, lxi Kerblay, B., 9

"Key-links," method of Soviet planning, lxii

Khar'kov: xxviii, xxx; C. and the Starobel'sk study, xxxiii, xxxiv; its Agricultural Society, xxxvi; Union of Cooperatives, xli; Agricultural Journal, 37 Kholmets, peasant crop rotation, 146 Khrushchev, N., virgin land program, lxi

Khryashcheva, A.: 67, 111; and peasant farm dynamics, 133, 246, 248, 253

Khutors, creation of, xxviii

Kiev, xxxii, xxxviii, 39

Kirsanov, D. I.: 1; and popularization of threshing machines, 39, 190-91, 211

Klepikov, S. A., xxxvii, xli, xiii, 128

Knipovich, V. N.: xli, 61, 249; studies on regionalization of agriculture, xlvii

Knop (Moscow cotton firm), 257-58

Kondrat'ev, N. D.: lxx, 33; director of economic department, xiii; victim of Stalinist purge, xiii; and social differentiation, lxix; accused with C, lxxi

Korda, Professor Benedikt, xxvi

Kosinskii, V. A.: xii, xix, lxviii, 226; contribution to peasant economic thought, xxix-xxx; studies in land prices and leases, 10, 237; The Agrarian Question, 237; On the Agrarian Problem, 39

Kotov, xlvii, 103

Kremnev, Ivan: pseudonym of C, xliv;

Peasant Utopia, lxix Kritsman, lv; preface to Ocherki, 1, lxix;

criticism of C, lxix, 33 Kropotkin, Prince Peter, C.'s borrowing

from, xlvi

Kuban, use of harvesting machine, 212, 215 Kubshinov, I. S., lxiii Kurgan, 263, 264 Kurochkin, N. I., xli

Kushchenko, K.: 67, 68, 111; and peasant farm dynamics, 133, 246, 253; study of peasant farm censuses, 246, 248, 249, 250, 256

Labor: its balance with family needs, xv-xviii; Kosinskii and, xxix-xxx; cannot be estimated in monetary terms, xxxix, 86; its role in peasant economy, 1, li; inequalities in its use during the year, 1; factors determining its intensity in a family, 76; essential part of agricultural undertakings, 90; interrelationship with land and capital, 91 ff; seasonal variations in its employment, 107; its organization and crop individuality, 147-48; total expenditure on peasant farm, 179— 82; its distribution between men, women, boys, and girls, 180; distribution by size of holding, 180; its reduction with use of machinery, 182; characteristics of its mechanization in periods of weak labor, 190-91

Labor farm (peasant family): xxxii; predominance in Russia, xxxviii; its organization, 134; field cultivation compared with capitalist farms, 148-49, 225; dis-

310 THE THEORY OF PEASANT ECONOMY

Labor farm (peasant family)—Cont. tinguished from capitalistically organized farm, 189; significance of the machine on, 190; importance of analysis of capital circulation, 195; its scheme of capital circulation, 197 ff; and use of rentable areas, 215; compared with one using hired labor, 225; problem of rent on, 226 ff, 233; construction of theory of economic rent, 230, 233; characteristics of land valuation, 234-36, 237; transfer of land from capitalists to, 237; no category of capitalist economic rent, 237-38; price-determination of its produce, 239; factors affecting its size, 254; need of a differential approach to, 254 Labor Party (Peasant), comes to power, xlv Labor payment: xv-xvi; factors determining differences in, 72-3; and the calculation of advantage, 88, 89; removal of commodity elements and, 126; the selection of field crops and, 134; variations in its rates, 134-35, 137; payments in different areas, 194; effect of machinery on its rate, 212; transference to higher rentable land and, 231 Labor rate, calculation of, 151-52, 154 Labor unit: 55; possible substitution for monetary unit, xliii; and level of gross productivity, 41, 73; increases in productivity and family well-being, 80; effect of rise in payment of on output, 84; in calculation of advantage, 87; forcing up of labor intensity, 113 Land: private ownership and labor intensification, xlviii; its role in peasant economy, 1, li; historical progression in its cultivation, liii; concessions to peasants concerning, lvi; effect of shortages on development of labor power, 7-8; determination of its price in family labor farms, 9-10, 234-35; price calculation under serfdom, 18; relation of its area for use to the family development, 62-63, 109-11 (expressed in formula, 63); influence of amount held on labor intensity, 79; essential part of agricultural undertakings, 90; interrelationship with labor and capital, 91 ff; relationship of amount held to farm activity, 93-94; determination of its availability in peasant family, 106-8; relationship with family size under nonpartible inheritance, 111-12; organization of amount held and its use, 132-33; calculation of an "economic" rent for, 228 ff; connection between its price and an economic rent, 233-36; collision between capitalist market price and labor farm valuations, 236-

Land—Cont.

37; connection between price and improvements, 238

Land improvements: their role in the peasant economy, 1—li, 238; interest rates and, liv; and economic rents, 237; capitalist and labor farm attitude to, 237-38

Land reforms: xi, 175; C. and state action for its achievement, 28

Land tax, xxxvi

Larin, M. A., 37

Laur, Professor Ernst: lxv, 89; his accounting system, xxx, xxxi, xxxii, 232; C.'s disagreement with, xxxi-xxxii, xxxiv; and intensification of labor, 7-8, 115; and relation between increased productivity and well-being, 80; and C.'s theory of peasant economy, 112; tables on rent, 236; and hired labor on farms, 255

League for Agrarian Reform: creation of, xxxvi; land proposals, xxxvi-xxxvii, its regional Atlas, xxxvii

Lederer, Emil, 4

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich: lxxii; and capitalist farms, xviii, xix, xx; C.'s differences with, xx; on "peasant bourgeoisie," xx; and hired labor, xx; his April Theses and the land question, xxxvi; and cooperation, lvi, lx; campaign for state farms, lx; on the "middle" peasantry, lxxii; and the American farm, 49, 257; Capitalism in Russia, xix, xx, lxix

Levitskii, A. P., xl, xlii

Litoshenko, L. N.: xlii, 33; official survey, lv; and labor-consumer balance, 47; relationship between sown area and farming incomes, 93-94; On the Land, 93

Livestock farming (commercial), factors determining its type, 167; two factors in its organizational basis, 167; theoretical basis of herd development, 167-68, 171; relationship between prices of meat and fodder, 171, 239; economic turnover, 171; six aims of cattle farming, 171-72; lack of income from, 172; position of dairying and selling milk, 172-74; relationship of its size to field-cropping, 172; a contribution to fixed capital valuation, 192; capital expenditure on cattle, 215; marketing of livestock, 260

Lobachevskii, Nikolai, xv, 226

Lombardy, C. and its irrigation system, xxvi

London: Moscow Narodny Bank, xxxv; Stock Exchange, 257, 264

Lopatin, I. D.: and optimal size of agricultural undertakings, 90-91; use of machinery in agriculture, 187, 188 (Table 4-43)

Index 311

Lositskii, A. E., and Central Statistical Office, liv

Lubimov, xiii

Lubyakov, V. N., lxiii

Luxemburg, Rosa, on the peasantry, xx

Lyashchenko, Professor P. L: and Russian farming, 49; and trading capitalism, 257

Lyudogovskii, definition of an agricultural undertaking, 90

Machinery: its role in the peasant economy, 1; inequalities in its use during the year, 1, 39, 211; interest rates and investment in, liv; limits of its use in an agricultural space, Ivii—lviii, lxi-lxii, 185-86, 211; C.'s unawareness of its development, lxiii; effect of its use on peasant incomes, 39, 182, 211; reasons for its use, 182; reduction in labor expenditure caused by, 182, 183; possible replacement by manual work, 182, 183, 185; formulas for estimating cost of upkeep and amortization, 183-87; economies apart from labor, 187; decreased usage as farm area decreases, 187-88, 189; characteristics of its use in periods of weak labor intensity, 190-91; contribution to fixed capital valuation, 192; effect of its use on equilibrium of economic factors, 211-12; effect of on labor farm's size, 254

Makarov, N. P.: xii, xxxvi, xlvii, 226; and land rent on peasant labor farms, xlviii-xlix; and C.'s use of Sombart, lxvi; and social differentiation, lxix; accused with C, lxxi; and moment of equilibrium, 6; and rent factor in family farms, 8; member of Organization and Production School, 35, 38, 45, 46; study of Voronezh budgets, 65; and influence of land pressure, 115 (Table 3-27); and labor and consumer rates, 151, 153; and farmers' incomes, 262; The Peasant Farm and Its Evolution, 45

Malthus, Thomas Robert, 64

Malyi, L, lxxii

Manuilov, 33

Maress, L. N., xxix

Marginal utility analysis: lxviii; C. and, xvii, 46, 81-82, 220, 222

Marginalist Theory, inapplicability to peasant economy, xxxii

Market, the: a determining factor in calculating capitalistic rent, liii—liv, 230; its state and social polarization, liv, lxvi; influence of degree of intensity of agricultural units, lxv-lxvi; and the family labor farm, 7, 11, 71, 88-89; effect of its

Market, the— Cont.

fluctuations on rent, 21; influence of on arts and crafts, 107, 109; and the fur trade, 110; link with the peasant farm, 119, 126, 147; effect on labor payment, 124-25; local situation and production elements, 126; effect of location on farm incomes, 135-36 (Table 4-14), 263; effect of long-term changes on crop selection, 138; its influence on livestock farming, 167, 172; influence on analysis of economic rent, 228, 230, 233; collision between capitalist land price and labor farm valuation, 236-37; effect of its situation on farm composition, 249

Markov, xxx

Marx, Karl: on small-scale peasant agriculture, xviii, xix, 222; and the Zemstvo reports, xix; his categories and modes of production, lxv; state elements in his system, 45; formula for expressing capital circulation, 196, 197; and rent, 227, 228, 235, 240; and differences between small-type farms and capitalist agriculture, 240; Capital, 46, 220, 222, 235-36, 240; Critique of Political Economy, lxix; The Poverty of Philosophy, 23; Theories of Surplus Value, xviii, xix

Marxism (Russian): C.'s criticism of, xv, xix; concept of class differentiation, xvii; and merits of small- and large-scale farming, xxviii, xxix, xxx; concept of rent on peasant farms, xxx, 227; formula for market rate of interest, 10; its approach to study of peasant farming, 36

Marxists: and social surveys, lv; their criticisms of C, lv; and the agrarian problem, lxv; and chief motivation in peasant economy, lxv, lxvii; and Ricardo, lxvi; opposition of theoreticians to C.'s thesis, lxix ff, 43; and national economy research, 45-46, 222

Maslov, P. P.: xxxvi, 37; and concept of "consumer rent," 39; his "hunger rents," 235; Agrarian Problem, 39

Maslov, S., xxxv, xxxvi, lxviii

Mathematics, application to Soviet economics, lxxiii-lxxix . Matskevich, K. A., xl, 37

Meerson, D., criticism of C, lxix

Minin, N., and Organization and Production School, 35, 46

Ministry of Agriculture (U.S.S.R.), xxvii

Monetization, effect on the national economy, 4

Money: percentage of incomings and outgoings for various areas, 121 (Tables 4-1 and 4-2); structure of the money-based farm, 123; effect on peasant budgets, 131

312 THE THEORY OF PEASANT ECONOMY

Morphology, its place in the study of peasant farms, 44-45, 196-97, 243

Moscow: xxviii, xxxi, xxxiv, 258; Committee of the Credit and Savings Cooperative, xxxii; Agricultural Society, xxvi; department for economic study, xlii; its black market, xliv; flax area, 131; field-cropping system, 142; meat market, 260

Muromtsev, S. A., xlii

N.E.P., xxvii, lvi

National economy: xi; family farming and, xxiii, 224 ff, 242 ff; land question and, xxxvii; modern theory's exclusive concern with capitalist economy, 1-2; use of the profitability formula, 3; Marxist research and, 45-46; place of the peasant farm, 49, 120, 123, 221, 224 ff, 257; influence of family farms on its machinery, 225; basis and inadequacy of its theoretical study, 225-26

National income: C. and its more equitable distribution, xxxviii; its place in the communist economic order, 23; share of peasant farms in, 42-43

Nationalization (of the land): xxviii, xxxvi, xxxviii, xlv; and the concentration of properties, liv

Natural economy: "laws" dominating its social life, 4; categories determining the structure of economic units, 13; absence of wages and hired labor from, 42; comparison between development of money and commodity elements in, 121-23; an isolated economic machine, 123

Natural history: its influence on size of agricultural production, 71, 73; influence on production elements, 126; influence on crop cultivation, 134-35

Naumov, K. I., lv, lxiii, 254

Nemchinov, V. S.: xii, lxxiv; criteria of social differentiation, lv; his present position, lxxiv

"Neopopulism," lxx

Niebuhr, Barthold, and institution of slavery, 13

Nikitin, N. P.: xii, 40; studies on regionali-zation of agriculture, xlvii; work on Ryazan' guberniya, 109; and labor supplies from the countryside, 240

Noncapitalism: the basis of a wide area of economic life, 1; five main economic types, 1-22; transitional and independent forms, 22; communist system, 22; necessity to examine its systems, 28

Novozhilov, lxxiv

Obshchina, system of, xxxvii

Oganovskii, N., xxxvi, lxxi; his "general downward" and "upward" movements, 249-50; process of "differentiation," 252

Oparin, 103

Orenburg, Cossacks of, xxxvii-xxxviii Organization and Production School: xix-xx; their place in the evolution of agrarian doctrine, xxvii-xxx; their proposals, xxviii-xxix; acceptance of their theories, xxxi; radical approach to land question, xxxvi; and regionalization of agriculture, xlvii; and agrarian question, lxv; schism over social differentiations, lxix; formation and preconditions for the School's emergence, 85-87; range of topics to be elucidated, 37-38; genesis of their labor farm theory, 38-43; objections to their labor farm theory, 43-44; task before the School, 44 ff, 51; dynamic attitude to economic problems, 45; and Marxist methods, 45-46; their theory not universal, 47-48; behaviour of its critics, 50 Orlovskii, and C.'s Peasant Utopia, xliv, xlvi

Orwell, George, xlv

Paas, K. K., work on the fur trade, 110

Party (Communist) Congress, Ninth, lx; Tenth, lxxii

Pasture: its creation in crop rotations, 146, 147; amount of time spent on, 164-66

Peasant family: its outlay regarded as a single return, xiv; calculation of its income, xv-xvi, xvii-xviii; degree of self-exploitation of its labor, xvi, xxiv-xxv, 1, 6, 41, 73-78, 81-84, 85, 92; theory of its labor consumer balance, xvii-xviii, 85-86; its advantages over capitalist owners, 88-89; division of its income, xvii-xviii; adaptation of Western advances to, xxix; inapplicability of capitalist economics, xxx, xliii; considerations of its monetary needs, xxxiii-xxxiv; no valid way to estimate monetary value of its labor, xxxiv-xliii; influence of population density on its income, xlix; does its consumption level determine the drudgery of labor level, xlix-1; its contribution to production, li; effect of social differentiation on, liv; seen as a combination of entrepreneur and workers, 39, 40, 41; a cooperative of worker and consumer units, 51; im-

Index 313

Peasant family— Cont.

portance of its makeup in farm organization, 53, 92; concept of, 54; variations in size and composition, 55-56 (Tables 1-1, 1-2, 1-3); causes of such variations, 56; its basic stimulus to economic activity, 60, 120; its material security and birth and death rates, 64-65; not the sole determinant of farm size, 69, 92-93; labor products in different areas and in different categories, 70-73; distribution of its labor on different uses, 73-74; its unutilized labor force, 73-76, 179; measurement of its labor intensity, 76 ff; its composition and demand pressure, 76-78; effect of better working conditions on output, 79-80; effect of increment in consumer demand, 84; influence of size and amount of capital on sown area, 95-97; factors influencing the determination of available capital, 106, 108-9; influence of its composition on rented areas, 111, 133; the primary quantity in the farm unit, 128; quantitative expression of its consumer demands, 128; nature of their diet, 128; clothing expenditure, 128; expenditure on personal needs, 130, 197-98; total labor organization (Volokolamsk Farm), 180-82; relation between workers and harvesting period, 190; calculation of fixed capital, 192, 202-3; relation between capital intensity and well-being, 202-4; effect of its composition on capital formation, 204, 212-13; division of expenditure between consumption and economic factors, 216-18; decisions concerning future well-being, 218; effect of transference to land of different rentability, 230 ff; the price it can and will pay for land, 234; mass classification by size, 245; censuses of, 246; changes in composition and farm prosperity, 246-47

Peasant family labor farms: agricultural intensification and population density, xlviii; underemployment of their labor force, 40-41; seen as a single labor unit in receipt of a single income, 41-42; part played by in each system of the economy, 42-43; criticisms of the Organizational School theory of, 43-44; influence on peasant agricultural production, 71

Peasant labor economy, a mode of production, lxv

Peasant labor farms: existence of land rent in, xlviii-xlix; C.'s theory of their organization, xlix-1

Peasants: universal nature of their prob-

Peasants— Cont.

lems, xi; early efforts to help, xi-xii; the intelligentsia and, xi-xii; springs and motives of their decisions, xxi, xxxiii, lxv, lxxiii, 42, 51; the agricultural officer and, xxviii, xli; absence of rent and profit from their economy, xxix; questionnaires on their budgets, xxxi; their need for simplified accounts, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiii; proposed transfer of land to, xxxvii-xxxviii; acquisition of land, xxxviii, 237; C.'s conception of their future way of life, xlvi, xlvii; efforts to stimulate their activity, lvi; allowed to rent land, lvi; attacks on C.'s idealization of their economy, lxx; importance of the "middle" group, lxxii-lxxiii; contrasted with slaves, 13; and quitrent, 16; and fief system, 21; seen as entrepreneur and worker, 41, 42; psychology of, 47-48; complex interrelations of their undertakings, 49; concept of the family, 54; relationship between their families and their material security, 64; basic items of their personal budgets, 128; land allocation after liberation, 175; their influence on the industrial labor supply, 240, 256; mechanism of movement in their social composition, 248 ff; tendency towards enclosed farms, 256; their pre-Revolutionary movement towards proletarianization, 256; transference to a clearly proletarian position, 262-63; and cooperative agricultural concentrations, 264

People ("Back to the People" movement), xi, xxvii

People's Commissariat of Agriculture, problems submitted to, xiii

Peredvizhniki, school of, xlvi

Perm' Agricultural Congress, 211

Perm' system of field-cropping, 139, 141

Perroux, Professor F., his "generalized" economy, li

Pervushin: xiii, 226; criticism of Zemstvo methods, xxxi; demands simplified accounts, xxxi

Petrovskoe Razumovske Academy, C.'s seminar on the Agricultural Officer, xl, xli

Podolie, xxxviii

Politique Agraire, xxxi

Population: and labor consumer balance, xvii; Chayanov's theory and, xxi, xlviii; the Agrarian Question and its density, xxxvii; effect of its density on the intensification of labor, xlviii, lxvi, 7-8, 12, 235; effect on land and rent prices, liii, 9, 237; density of and engagement in arts and crafts, 107

314 THE THEORY OF PEASANT ECONOMY

Populists: xxviii, xxxi, xxxvi, xliv; "Land and Liberty" slogan, xxxviii; link with the school of Peredvizhniki, xlvi; and the Agrarian Question, lxv, lxxi; approach to study of peasant farming, 36

Pososhkov, 3

Potato-growing: C.'s analysis of its economic basis, xlviii, lxv; reasons for by peasants, 40; labor expenditure and, 113, 114, 115

Price: a system based on labor equivalent, xliii; raising of to stimulate sales, lvi; Marxist view of, lxix, 46; interrelationship with capital, wages, interest, and rent, 3-4; becomes prominent in a money economy, 4; its formation under fief system, 21; fluctuations in and labor payment, 136-37 (Table 4-6); relationship to rent, 227

Primitive people, absence of modern categories from their economic systems, 2

Private ownership: analysis of the model "isolated" state under, xlviii; transference of land holdings to peasants, 237

Private property: dangers of attacking, xxxviii; long-term and short-term rent-ings, 132

Product, gross and net, definitions of, 70

Production, commodity: its part in the peasant farm organization, 121 ff; removal of elements which gave little income, 126; under capitalist organization, 258-60; individual characteristics of certain crops, 260-62; its penetration by capitalism, 263-64

Productivity: no comparison between agriculture and industry, xxxviii; natural conditions and, xxxix; socialism's failure to produce the stimulus, xliv; factors influencing its level in the various economic systems, Hi; extension of cooperation to, lxiii; dependence on utilization of labor units, 41; its part in the measurement of economic activity, 60-61; factors determining its annual amount, 73; interrelationship of land, labor, and capital to, 90; relationship to consumer demand, 123-24; increases in capital intensity and, 201

Profit: interrelationship with wages, rent, and interest, xiii-xiv; capitalistic enterprises and, xvi; absence from peasant economy, xxix-xxx; its place in the various economic systems, Hi; calculation of in relation to circulation of capital, 197

Profitability: meaningless term in a "natural" economy, xliii, 4, 12; unique conception in peasant economy, 1; criteria applied to state farms, Ixii-lxiii; capital-

Profitability— Cont.

ist formula for its calculation, 3; calculation under slave economy, 19; in the serf economic unit, 19

Prokopovich, S. N., xlii, 33; reply to Die Lehre (Peasant Economy), lxvii; and correlation between family size and agricultural activity, 63-64; criticism of C, 84; his correlation between peasant farm elements, 103, 105

Quitrent: 16, 17; determination of its amount, 17-18; difference from slave economic units, 19; subject to the influence of demographic factors, 19-20

R.S.F.S.R., xlii

Raevich, G., challenges C.'s first hypothesis, xlix ("On the theory of peasant economy . . .")

Railway station: significance of farm's distance from, 136, 172; the bazaar and, 258; and Siberia's export dairying, 263

RALO, and flax cooperatives, xxxv

Rent: interrelationship with wages, profit and interest, xiii-xiv, 3-4; its absence from peasant economy, xxix-xxx, lxviii, 227-28; agrarian opinions on, xxxvi; in peasant labor farms, xlviii, 8-9; contrast between "land" and "water," 1; its place in the various economic systems, Iii—liii, 29; absolute or scarcity, liii; its capitalization and land prices, 9, 39-40, 233-34; determination in slave economy, 15; differences between slave and serf economic systems, 20; determination under feudalism, 21; "consumer rent," 39-40; payment of for leased land, 39-40; long-term and short-term rentings, 132; influence of family size on rented land, 133; influence of on farm family's consumption level, 227; classical definition of, 227, 232; an accounting "valuation," 227; comparison between rent-forming factors in capitalistic and labor farms, 232-33

Rent, economic: analysis of in economic unit, 8; under slavery, 14; its payment for leased land, 39-40; four approaches to its analysis, 228-29; its link with land prices, 233 ff; land improvement and increases in, 237; see also Quitrent

Revolution, Russian: xvii, xlix; effect on the Agrarian Question, xxxvi, lxxii; effect on development of peasant farm,

Index 315

Revolution, Russian—Cont. 253; division of land into small scale units, 266

Ricardo, David: 86, 221, 225; his minimum subsistence level for a worker family, xlviii; and differential rent, liii; and land rent, lxvi, 227, 232

Ritter, Kurt, and C.'s theory of peasant economy, 117, 224

Rural reporters (Sel'kory), murder of, lvi

Russia: immensity of her agrarian problem, vii; emancipation of the serfs, xi, xxi; collectivization of agriculture, xi, xxvii; methods of dealing with her problems, xi-xii; controversy over small peasantry, xix; changes in her agricultural economy, xxi, xxii, 35, 36; dramatic evolution (1908-30), xxvii; crisis of 1880-90, xxviii, 65; diversity of regional characteristics, xxx vii; study of her agricultural cycles, xiii; seen as a model "isolated" state, xlvii; her emigres and knowledge of C, lxviii; formation of an internal agricultural market, 36; C. on the future of her countryside, 50-51; combines high grain prices with periods of low wages, 109; statistical method of studying peasant farms, 118; field-cropping systems, 139 ff; famine of 1921, 171, 239; heterogeneity of her agricultural enterprises, 243; place of the rural bazaars in country life, 258-59; penetration of capitalism into peasant farm sectors, 262

Russia, Soviet: xvii; neglect of C, xxv; persistence of peasant problems, xxvi; its planned economies, xliii, 265; slowness of social change in, liv; social evolution of the countryside, lvi; achieves a price stability by 1924, lvi; unrest in the countryside, lvi; critics of C.'s theories, lxvii; evolution of social science in, lxxi-lxxii; presence of peasant labor farms, 47; basic income figure for its national economy, 72; slow movement towards agricultural proletarianization, 257, 266; basically an agricultural country, 264

Rybnikov, A., xxxv, xiii; member of Organization and Production School, 35, 38, 45, 46

St. Petersburg, xxviii

Samara, Cossacks of, xxxvii-xxxviii

Schlömer, Dr. Fr., xxvi, xl

Schmoller, G., lxvi

Schumpeter, Joseph, 4

Semenov, F. I., xli

Semenskii, V. I., xiii

Serfdom, an economic system, xxii; absence of concept of contemporary economics, 2; lack of a complete economic theory, 3; quitrent form, 16, 17, 19-20, 25, 28; compared with slavery, 16, 18-20; compared with family labor unit, 17-18; influence of overpopulation on, 20; economic categories present in, 25; the peasant farm and, 42; disappearance of its landowner units, 256

Serfs, emancipation of, xi, xxi; economy in Tsarist Russia, xxii; three different sorts, 16

Sering, Professor M., criticism of C, 11-12

Shcherbina, xxix, xxx, 101

Siberia: xxxvii; and agricultural systems, xl; virgin lands, lxi; field-cropping systems, 139; natural pastures, 159; fur prices, 239; railway line, 263; history of dairying cooperatives, 263-64

Siberian Union of Cooperative Creameries, xxxv

Skalweit, Professor August, criticism of C.'s theory of peasant economy, Iii, 68, 111-12, 117, 224

Slavery: as an economic system, xxii, li-lii, lxv, 2, 13 ff; provides a new category, 2; lack of a complete economic theory, 3; lacks the category of wages, 13; compared with peasant economy, 13-14; determination of income, 14; determination of supply cost, 15-16, 18; reasons for its decline, 16; compared with serfdom, 16, 18-20; its economic units, 19; calculation of profitability, 19; economic categories present in, 25; economic cause of its abolition, 28

Smith, Adam, 86, 221, 226

Smolensk, xxi, 131

Social Democrats: and the Agrarian Question, xxviii; emphasis on the market, lxvi; thesis of the evolution of capitalism in agriculture, lxx

Social differentiations, 68; their effect on the peasant economy, liv-lvi, 12; Communist Party's attitude towards, lvi; their complex nature, lxvi; varying opinions on their problems, lxix; their effect on the moment of equilibrium, 6-7; relationship to farm size, 245; effect on growth of farms, 252; and qualitative distinctions between farms, 254-55; agricultural reorganization and, 266

Social revolutionaries: xi; and the Agrarian Question, xxviii, xxxvi-xxxvii; in control of cooperative movement, lx

Social science, its evolution in Soviet Russia, lxxi-lxxv

316 THE THEORY OF PEASANT ECONOMY

Socialist economy: considered by C. a natural economy, xliii-xliv; inapplicability of classical economics to, xliv; its need for an internal stimulus to productivity, xliv; victim of bureaucracy, xliv; a mode of production, lxv; capitalism in agriculture a step towards, lxx-lxxi, 265-66; problems concerning its mechanism, 24

Socialists: and the small peasantry, xix; German, xx

Soil: influence of its categories on labor payment, 134-35; its "exhaustion," 138-39; field-cropping systems and its fertility, 139-40; its fertility an economic rent calculation, 228, 230

Sombart, W., and peasant economy, lxvi

Sown Area: a measure of the volume of the family's economic activity, 61-68 passim; relation between it and family development, 62 (Table 1-6); relationship to family income, 93; influence of family size and available capital on its amount, 95 ff, ill; number of horses needed for, 154-55; dependence on harvest time, 189; an indication of agricultural production, 243, 248; demographic causes of variations in, 246-54 passim (Tables 7-4 to 7-10, pp. 247, 250, 252, 253)

Specialization, lxvi

Stalin, Josef: his purges, xlii; historical judgment of his practices, lxxiv

Starobel'sk: a survey of, xlix, lxxii; Baskin and, lv; analysis of budgets, etc., 55, 64, 66, 68, 71, 111, 131, 202, 245, 255

State, the, its part in land reform, xxxix

Stebel, Dr. V., and limits of use of machinery in agricultural enterprises, lvii

Stebut, A., xxxvi

Stolypin, P., his reforms, xxv, xxviii, xxxvi, lxx

Strumilin, V. G., and a "nonqualified unit

of labor," xliii Studenskii, G. A.: xii, xii, 103, 201, 254;

and place of rent in peasant economy,

lxviii; member of Organizational School,

Sugar-beet cultivation: survey of, liv, lvi, lxv; penetration of capitalism into its organization, 262 Sukhanov, N. N., lxxi, 37 Sukharevka, black market, xlix Surplus value, peasant economy and, 19 Switzerland: Laur's studies on peasant farms, 7-8, 10, 232, 236; small scale farm labor force, 40-41; effect of surplus labor on agricultural intensity, 112, 115-16 (Table 3-28); peasants' labor payment, 194; higher standard of living enjoyed

Switzerland—Cont.

by peasants, 194; influence of increasing rentability on workers' output, 231

Sylkovskii, lxix

Sylvester, 3

Taxation: lxviii; discriminatory towards

landholders, xxxix Taxes, 23

Technology: problem of accelerating its progress, lvi; use of cooperative formula for transformation of agriculture, lviii— lix; and production on state farms, lxii; C.'s unawareness of its revolutionary changes, lxiii; its influence on size of agricultural production, 71, 73; influence on labor rates, 152

Theosophists, xlvi

Thorner, Daniel, xxv, xxvi

Timiryazev Academy: xxvii; Experimental Station and creation of pasture, 147

Town and country: equilibrium between, xlvii; relationship in the model "isolated" state, xlvii, xlviii; discrepancy in standards of living, xlviii

Trade, structure of its machinery, 258-60

Transport: 182; cost of in use of machinery, lvii

Tsagolov, N. A., editor of Course of Political Economy, lxxiii

Tsil'ko, 254

Ukraine, husbandry systems, 142 Unemployment, peasant efforts to avoid, 39, 40

Union of Swiss Peasants, xxxi Urals, the, lv

Urbanization, its effect on structure and

level of consumption, 131 Uzhanskii, 254

Vainshtein, A. L.: xii, lxxiv, 201; and labor units reckoned in monetary terms, xliii; studies on land rents, lxviii; and Academy of Sciences, lxxiv; and optimal size of agricultural undertakings, 90-91

Value, concept of, 124

Varga, E., 23

Vermenichev, I.: lv, 254; accusations against "petty bourgeois scholars," lxxi

Vikhlyaev, P.: 67-68, 111; and peasant farm dynamics, 133, 246, 248, 253; and land allocations after emancipation, 175; and development of capitalist agriculture, 256; and grain sales, 258

Vil'do, 254

Index 317

Virgin land program, lxi Vladimirskii, xl

Volga: the, lxi, lxxiv; lower area famine (1921), 171

Volokolamsk: liv, lv, 55, 71, 75, 122, 136, 145; inquiry on flax district, xxxi; Labor Expenditure for certain crops, 150 (Table 4-21); horse workdays, 154

Volynskii, 3

Von Thunen, J.: compared with C, xlvii; and use of agricultural machinery, Ivii; and the market as a determining influence, lxv-lxvi; and the marginal principle, 46

Wages: interrelationship with interest, rent and profit, xiii-xiv, 3-4, 5; absence from family farm economics, xiv, xxxiv, 1, 86, 220, 226, 228; their place in the various economic systems, Hi; absence from slave economy system, 13; inversely proportional to price of bread, etc., 40, 109-10; effect of their amount on the annual intensity of labor, 80-81; effect of labor farm economy on the capitalistic system, 240

Wages, external, xxxii

Waterstradt, Professor F., and farm organization, 45, 135, 136

Weber, Alfred: xiii, 49; and family units, xiv; his criticism of C, Hi

Werner, K. A., and limits of use of agricultural machinery, Ivii; formula for

Werner, K. A.—Cont.

calculating cost of one machine working day, 184

West, the: medieval feudal economy, xxii; neglect of C, xxiii; adaptation of its advances to peasant family, xxix

Williams, V. V., ley rotation sytem, lv

Workers: their budgets compared with peasants', xxxiii; minimum subsistence level, lix; their cooperatives, lix; must be driven to labor by social consciousness, etc., 23

World War I: xxvii, xxxiv; development of peasant farm during, 253

Yakushkin, N. V., xiii

Yastremskii, V. S.: correlations between

land area and family composition, lxxiii;

social structure of Soviet agriculture

(1921-25), lxxiii Yurovskii, lxxi

Zemstvos, the: setting up of, xi, xii; C.'s use of their statistics, xvii, xxx, 176, 222, 243; Marx and, xix; employment of agricultural officers, xxviii; criticism of their methods, 20; and concept of the family, 54; analysis of household censuses, 61

Zhirkovich, I. N., 125

Zinoviev, Grigorii, and concessions to peasants, lvi

This book has been set in 11 point Basker-ville, leaded 2 points, and 10 point Basker-ville, leaded 1 point. Chapter numbers are in 12 point Baskerville, and chapter titles are in 18 point Baskerville italics. The size of the type page is 27 by 46Vi picas.

ALEXANDER CHAYANOV The Theory of Peasant Economy

Friday, May 30, 2014

10 ALEXANDER CHAYANOV The Theory of Peasant Economy

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